When the first car was patented by Karl Benz in 1886, the world was dominated by the horse drawn carriage. The coachmen were trained to steer using reins, pulling them left and right to steer the horses. Legacy of the horse-drawn carriage was continued in the car whose front wheels were now steered using a simple tiller.
It was only in 1894, when the Frenchman Alfred Vacheron replaced the tiller on his Panhard & Levassor with a steering wheel. This was done to improve the sensitivity and control on steering for the Paris to Rouen race in July of that year. This innovation was supposed to improve the speed of the vehicle over the race. In 1900, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft replaced the vertically positioned steering wheel in the Phoenix racing car with and angled one. This was the birth of the steering wheel as we know it today.
In 2020, Mercedes is offering another in the series of steering wheel innovations through a fully digital steering wheel in the next generation E-Class. The capacitive steering wheel. Its rim contains a two-zone sensor mat that detects whether the driver’s hands are gripping the steering wheel. The touch control buttons placed in the spokes also work with digital signals.
Here is the story of development of the steering wheel by Mercedes Benz as told by them.
The Mercedes Simplex with tilted steering column and engine function controls
In 1900, Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft also equipped its Phoenix racing car with a steering wheel. In this case the steering column was tilted, which made it much easier to operate. Nevertheless, every steering movement required a great deal of effort. In the Mercedes Simplex models introduced in 1902, there were additional levers on the steering wheel which had to be used to regulate essential engine functions such as ignition timing and air/fuel mixture.
The 1920s to 40s: a large steering wheel with horn ring
While the levers for the manual adjustment of the fuel mixture and ignition gradually became superfluous thanks to further development of the engines, an additional function from the early days of the car has remained until today: the horn. The simplest form of car-to-x communication began with a bulb horn mounted on the steering wheel rim, followed by the klaxon horn button on the steering wheel hub. The horn ring on the steering wheel spokes made its debut in the 1920s. It was standard until the 1970s and became increasingly more delicate.
In 1949, the horn ring also took over the function of actuating the turn signals or the indicators that were common until the mid-1950s. To turn, it was simply turned to the left or right. Then an approximately 20-centimetre-long indicator arm swung sideways out of the body and indicated the direction of travel. These direction indicators, which seem bizarre from today’s perspective, were replaced by orange-yellow flashing lights which were activated by turning the ring via a central control unit.
The 1950s: the debut of the column gearshift and power steering
In the 1950s, the steering wheel became even more of a central interface between car and driver – as a control centre for new comfort functions and greater safety. In 1951, Mercedes-Benz introduced a gearshift on the steering column in the 300 “Adenauer-Mercedes” (W 186) and in the 220 (W 187), which was a gain in comfort for driver and front passenger. This was because at that time, the front seats usually consisted of a continuous bench which could accommodate up to two co-drivers. Until the 1970s, the gearshift lever on the steering column remained a widespread method of operating the transmission. At Mercedes-Benz, it returned in 2005 with the DIRECT SELECT automatic selector lever, which freed up the centre console for other purposes. Another steering wheel function was added in 1955 with a lever for the headlamp flasher. The steering itself, however, was often exhausting, despite the large steering ratio and the protruding steering wheel diameter. For this reason, Mercedes-Benz introduced power steering in 1958 in the 300 saloon.
The 1960s: reduced risk of injury thanks to safety steering wheel
In 1959, Mercedes-Benz revolutionised automotive engineering, particularly in terms of accident protection, with the “Fintail” (W 111). This saloon was the world’s first vehicle to feature an integrated safety concept consisting of a stable passenger cell, crumple zones, a new safety steering wheel with a large, deformable baffle plate which reduced the risk of injury in the event of a collision, and a split steering column which was offset to the rear. This made it possible to avoid the so-called lance effect. In earlier vehicles with a rigid steering column, serious injuries occurred repeatedly because the steering column pushed towards the driver in a frontal impact. To further increase safety, Mercedes-Benz introduced a patented safety steering system with a telescopic steering column and impact absorber, which became standard on the entire passenger car range in 1967.
In addition, the first combined lever made its debut in 1959 in the “Fintail” and “Ponton”. Following the motto “two for one,” it included the indicator and headlight flasher functions. In 1963, the lever was extended to include the windscreen wipers and windscreen washer system functions. The windscreen wiper was previously activated with a pull switch on top of the instrument panel.
The 1970s and 1980s: all about safety
The four-spoke safety steering wheel introduced with the 350 SL Roadster in 1971 provided even better impact protection thanks to a wide padded plate with impact absorber. The spokes served as supports for the rim. In the event of a collision, they absorbed the forces and transmitted them in such a way that the steering wheel rim could not break. The horn ring had already had its day, and the buttons for the horn were moved back to the centre of the steering wheel.
1975: The first cruise control
In December 1975, the Mercedes-Benz 450 SEL 6.9 was one of the first automobiles to be equipped with a so-called cruise control system as standard. The world’s first radar-supported DISTRONIC proximity control system, which maintains a constant distance to the vehicle in front, had its world premiere in 1998, also in the S-Class (220 series).
1981: The first airbag
The further pursuit of the best possible safety led to another decisive change in the steering wheel design from 1981 onwards. The reason for this was the introduction of the first driver airbag in the S-Class (126 series). Hidden behind the protruding baffle plate was a new restraint system, which offered a safety standard never before achieved in the event of a collision. The developers cheered; the designers pulled their hair out. After all, early airbags were voluminous, so the baffle plate had to be much larger. In the course of further development, however, it was possible to fold the vacuum-packed airbag smaller and smaller, and the designers’ scope (for actual design) became greater again. In 1992, the driver airbag became standard equipment on all Mercedes-Benz passenger car models. The passenger airbag followed in 1994. The airbag inflates to a diameter of 720 millimetres and a volume of 64 litres within 30 milliseconds on impact. “Today we have the most compact airbag on the market,” says Marcus Fiege, Head of Steering Wheel Development at Mercedes-Benz.
1998: The first multifunction steering wheel
Another technical revolution was embodied by the multifunction steering wheel, which was introduced in 1998 together with the COMAND (Cockpit Management and Data) system. It was not only the multitude of vehicle functions, but also the advance of new devices for information, navigation and entertainment that required a rethink of the vehicle operation and its display concept. An important goal in the development of the S-Class 220 model series was to relieve the driver of enough work so that he could concentrate on the essentials: the traffic situation and the driving experience. With a new, standard multifunction steering wheel, the driver was able to control many systems and could call up important information at the touch of a thumb. For the first time, the steering wheel was coupled with a car radio, car phone and a display in the middle of the instrument cluster on which up to eight main menus appeared.
2005: The reintroduction of the steering wheel gearshift
2005 saw the debut of the then new models of the M-Class and S-Class with redesigned cockpits: the automatic selector lever moved from the centre console to the steering column. The new DIRECT SELECT gearshift created space between the driver and front passenger and made operation even easier. Additional steering wheel gearshift buttons enabled the manual preselection of the seven gears; the performance of the six- and eight-cylinder engines could now be optimally exploited in every driving situation. From 2008, the SL Roadster was available with the 7G-TRONIC sports transmission with steering wheel gearshift paddles.
From a polygonal to a geometric, round shape with flowing spokes
With the new functions, more and more cables, circuit boards and sensors found their way into the steering wheel. To accommodate them and the airbag, the steering wheels were rather bulky in the 2000s. In the course of time the design became more and more refined. From the initial polygonal shapes, geometric forms with a circle in the middle and flowing spoke shapes developed.
2016: First touch-sensitive Touch Control buttons in the then E-Class
The 2016 E-Class was the first car in the world to feature Touch Control buttons on the steering wheel. They allow the entire infotainment system to be controlled by finger swiping – without having to take your hands off the steering wheel. Like the surface of a smartphone, the buttons are touch-sensitive and therefore react to horizontal and vertical swiping movements of a finger. This allows the driver to control all the infotainment system’s functions simply, logically and intuitively. Pressing the touch control buttons triggers the function selected with swiping gestures. A further four buttons per switch panel are assigned familiar functions such as volume control and telephone control.
2020: the capacitive steering wheel in the new E-Class
The new generation of steering wheels with capacitive hands-off detection is now also being launched in the E-Class. A two-zone sensor mat is located in the steering wheel rim. “The sensors on the front and back of the rim register whether the steering wheel is being held. No more steering movement is required to signal the assistance systems that the vehicle is under control,” explains Marcus Fiege. The Touch Control buttons integrated into the steering wheel spokes now also function capacitively. This reduces the mechanical operating surfaces to a maximum. The seamless control panels, which are divided into several functional areas, are precisely integrated flush with the spokes. As with a smartphone, touches are recorded and evaluated via capacitive sensor technology, which enables intuitive operation via swiping gestures and pressing of familiar symbols. The high-quality materials have been selected in such a way that operation is possible even in an interior heated up by sunlight. “The system automatically recognises where the finger is at any given moment. And the buttons are designed for temperatures of over 100 degrees Celsius,” says Fiege.
Perfect proportions
The steering wheel is available in three versions: “Sport,” “Luxury” and “Supersport.” “It is the most beautiful steering wheel we have ever built,” says Hans-Peter Wunderlich. “The proportions of the airbag, spokes and rim are absolutely harmonious. The airbag is not concealed, but staged as a flattering sphere.” In the “Luxury” version, the spokes form a chalice inspired by elegant Callas flowers in a black panel look, in which the sphere floats. In the “Supersport” version, it is held by two double-decker spokes in black panel design, reminiscent of the wheel wing nuts of sports cars. The steering wheels thus stage high-tech and, at the same time, arouse emotions – in keeping with the design philosophy of Sensual Purity, which expresses the bipolarity of intelligence and emotion.
The size of the steering wheel has remained the same compared to the previous generation. Mercedes-Benz has developed fixed sizes for steering wheels. The steering wheel average is 370 millimetres (“Supersport”) to 380 millimetres (“Luxury”), depending on the version. The steering wheel rim is 29 millimetres wide and 42 to 44 millimetres deep. Hans-Peter Wunderlich: “The steering wheel rim is the secret kingmaker of a steering wheel. Its geometric design is a science in itself that cannot be found in any textbook. The wreath must fit snugly in the hand. If it is a millimetre too much, it feels unpleasantly bulging. If it’s a millimetre too little, it feels like it’s starved. And that impression then clouds the overall feel of the car.”
This article is a reproduction of the article by Mercedes Benz.
The Transport Journal 